377 924. If you have at least 250 piety points (500 in case of the emperor) you're catholic and not at war at the moment, you may ask the pope for the blessing for an invasion on the other, Christian country. Event troops are special, non-reinforcing armies that aren't subject to the usual limitations on levies, mercenaries or retinues. <Character ID> = Found using the 'charinfo' command. Like in CKII, they have to be outside your de jure territory in. Grant your heir a title that is the same rank as you, this will make him independent. Firstly, Press the (grave) key on your device keyboard. This is achieved in multiple ways. In the event that diplomacy is deemed either too time. Report. Or I make them go to war for their claims. There are ways to become independent other than Independence wars, including: A faction to install you as king. Shaguar. An analysis What went wrong with CK2 Islam, and suggestion how to improve it - DLC Idea - The Qabila - the islamic nomadic tribes my other CK2 DLC ideas: - Traders & Colonists - A Cultural and Trade enhancement for more flavourful peace time // Imperial bureaucratic government suggestionStory of de Hautevilles - A Crusader Kings 3 story about your favourite Normans in Italy Something to Remember me by - A Crusader Kings 2 short story de Hautevilles- Can Anyone Stop the Norman Invasion?: A tale of Normans in Southern Italy. Dragonstone, the home of the last remaining dragonlords of House Targaryen, one of the forty families that ruled the Valyrian Freehold -although one of the minor houses-, the Greatest Empire to have existed. Report. (After plotting to fabricate a claim, or after factions successfully lower crown authority to none and then demand elective succession) Gaining a kingdom title through inheritance (depending. In the event that diplomacy is deemed either too time-consuming or ineffective, then the player can resort to malicious schemes to dissolve the faction. markdb92 Jan 26, 2014 @ 3:38pm. At least some were last verified for version 3. Crusader Kings II Wiki Active Wikis. 2. Sometimes Ck2 sees the edited game and allows me to automatically load it. A holder of either type of claim is eligible to have their claim pressed by a faction, and also automatically qualifies as a potential. CK2 Cheats CK2 Province IDs CK2 Event IDs Other CK2 IDs and Codes . 4. I'll add what's missing. There are a number of different ways to obtain Casus Belli for your wars and the Casus Belli specifies what the War is about, usually a specific War Target. I wanna make a custom ruler, let my dog pick a random county, and see what happens next. I know I'm hella late to the party but for CK2 put this command in the console. This will NOT work in IronMan Mode. Well THAT part of the rebellion change I at least agree with in a meta way. Crusader Kings II 69610 Bug Reports 19690 User Modifications 10522 Suggestions 5969 Tech. I still don't get why I can't grant them independence. Without Iron man you can litterally cheat mode all your way or reload your game so it would be an achievement anymoreDownload from: Nexus Mods. As with many strategy titles, Crusader Kings 2 is all about resources, although the types of resources you deal in are a bit different from many strategy titles. 20598. Vassals are the middle managers of the middle ages: nowhere near the dynasty leader in terms of power, they're nevertheless the most important person your. To prevent sizable rebellions, you have one primary goal: Prevent your vassals from having more power than you. 20597. There are ways to become independent other than Independence wars, including: A faction to install you as king. A Game of Thrones Mod. paradoxwikis. It is one of the most important concepts in Crusader Kings II, as it determines which character the player controls as the heir to the primary title . 28. The Return of Ancient Gods: Lithuanian Kingdom (first and only vanilla CK2 pagan AAR) - Completed; Lithuania - Fight for Survival or World Dominion ('36, Normal Lv, SF 2. The hard part is just getting the ball rolling. You said 'console commands' so you force them to give you their titles with that. Jul 23, 2009. Posts: 6. For more help opening or. he flirted with an independence faction before the leader died. . A character can only lead one plot at a time, but can back any number of plots led by others. I cheat sometimes because some mechanics are just dumb, most often I cheat to make the AI do something corretly like switching to their character give them gold, prestige, piety and claims and declare war so they actually conquer their kingdom's land. Vassals who like you more are less likely to want to join. Apr 9, 2014 @ 8:39pm I also thought that there was a way to "cheat" by changing the religion of an entire province (county), but the. 421. An alliance is an improved pact based on an existing non-aggression pact, and is more powerful by allowing rulers. All of we can agree that "release_vassal" is a command which the release from vassal to independent nation but it is merely theory and in fact, it commands to release a nation as the vassal state. The below table contains all commands from all DLCs, and is up-to-date for the latest version of the game on Steam (PC / Mac). Reply. 3) Find a husband by sorting for the highest intrigue value and set them to "Court Intrigue" on the council. However, any dynasty members with land titles are potential pretenders to your crown. Crusader Kings II 69794 Bug Reports 19705 User Modifications 10572 Suggestions 5969 Tech Support 6356 After Action Reports unmerged(47028) Field Marshal. You can't make a duchy because your liege is a duke. I looked at the most powerful duke/count that liked me more than our liege and prioritized my Spymaster there. Later, you can claim his title and reintegrate his lands into yours. 3) of the game. 2) Open the console (~ key by default) and type "charinfo 1". WARNING: CANNOT BE UNDONE! hello <char-id> = switch to the character's page help = No help for you! And maybe displays some cheat commands. A vassal can achieve independence without taking hostile actions against the liege by: Inheriting an independent title which is higher ranked than his current primary title (even if the new rank is. Crusader Kings 2 - Gilded Jade. If he refuses, imprison him via console and enforce demands. 10-building-names for CK2) ; NoShortcutsInProvinceTooltip; No More Wikipedia Icon; CKII-UI-Font-Mod by Morinn CK2 Modlists: List of Mods /Guides/Utilities; Women focused modlist : here Deutsch CK2: German CK2 Sub-Forum "Do not worry to mete out vinegar here and there, but don't. Below you will find a list of useful commands and events, including how to create bloodlines with traditional claims on duchy, or kingdom level titles and dragon hatching events. This page lists the codes which may be input into the Console Window, a special debugging window which may be accessed on non-ironman games by pressing ⇧Shift + 2, Alt + 2 + 1, ⇧Shift + 3, §, ~, ^, °, ², or ` (key varies based on keyboard layout). 1. Toggle signature. Feb 28, 2010. I’m pretty sure it’s common/nicknames and the text file in there you add it to (the nick_the_hood), and then in localization, however that’s set up — which sounds vague, but when you open it and see what’s there, you’ll see what I mean — it’s like. • 8 yr. Using allow_laws can sorta help, but in this case I want to change the gender law to a specific (modded) one that does not display in the law. r/CK2GameOfthrones. Yes, you can grant independence. 04d, Normal Level) - On hold . Like in CKII, they have to be outside your de jure territory in. Prior to this patch mods like Elder Kings were just creating custom traits to do the same job. I've been battling with rubbish succession laws for over 2 centuries and desperately want to claim the Kingdom of Scotland. You can redeem this code to add (or removes) dread to a character. Pregnancy is much more straightforward than fertility in CK2. If the requirements to create an alliance are no longer met the Alliance will be ended. Next Last. First, you have to keep yourself strong. Crusader Kings 3 Cheats and Console Commands. Crusader Kings II is a grand strategy game set in the Middle Ages where players can take on the role of a ruler and lead their dynasty to greatness. markdb92 Jan 26, 2014 @ 3:38pm. CK3 console commands: All the cheats you need. Bad_Haggis General Secretary. Is it possible to fabricate a claim because the. the official CK2 Wiki page Cheat Commands [ck2. Cheats Console and Codes. CK3 guide: Beginner tips to get you started. I don't know if there's a specific command to that once battle is joined. Crusader. CK3 Intrigue: Become a master of the dark arts. #2. Jump to latest Follow Reply. CK3 console commands: All the cheats you need. Going by ship is easy and cheap for you, so the distance isn't an issue. Your game begins by selecting a start date, the point at which the simulation begins to diverge from history. Crusader Kings. There isn't even an option to do so. During the process of the modification, I discovered strange thing. Clean up event 35 days post-birth to clear all persistent event targets. Abduct, random hostile religious people, for free dread. If you do not specify a character ID, the character you are playing as will execute the decision. Click the PC icon in Cheat Engine in order to select the game process. Engage in courtly intrigue, dynastic struggles, and holy warfare in mediæval Europe, Africa, the Middle East, India, the steppes and Tibet. You can use artifact IDs in console commands to add, remove and change them. wipe_achievements = Wipe out all CK2 Steam achievements. Does anyone have some advice on how I can roll him back in, and make sure I can keep. Event troops are special, non-reinforcing armies that aren't subject to the usual limitations on levies, mercenaries or retinues. 771 3. Do a search, there is a thread called "Cheats" or something similar that has all of the main events, as well as most of the more interesting ones (eg Shia Revolts, mongol Invasions etc). I can't break the alliance neither, because "we are a subject country. Crusader Kings II 69781 Bug Reports 19703 User Modifications 10571 Suggestions 5969 Tech Support 6355 After Action Reports 1; 2; Next. 2. Tried reloading earlier saves, everything ad yet it doesn't work. The studio released the game solely on PC, as it found its UI and gameplay inadequate for a console experience. Find below a searchable list of all 144 Crusader Kings 2 console commands,. How Do You Use Cheats In Ck2? To activate the Cheats, just open up the Crusader King console and type Enter followed by it. age [amount] [character id] Adds [amount] of age to [character id]. Jul 8 2023 Released 2017 Real Time Strategy. This article has been verified for the current version (3. You usually have the ability to create a duchy. enable [gamestate/global/all (default: global)] - Enable the tutorial. The Crusader Kings 2 update train is steaming along nicely, just last month it pulled in at backlog update, a small interim haulage stop which saw the cargo carriages loaded to the brim in antique. Hearteater. List of commands Below is a list of commands and any parameter they accept (in order, if more than one) with a description of what the command will do. age [amount] [character id] Adds [amount] of age to [character id]. There are often multiple ways to script an event chain, but some are more efficient/simpler!Crusader Kings II 69781 Bug Reports 19703 User Modifications 10571 Suggestions 5969 Tech Support 6355 After Action Reports. During play, press ~ (the key above TAB) to produce a cheats console. Double-click the . Below is a table of all Crusader Kings 2 nickname IDs from the latest version of the game on Steam. The cheat console is a transparent overlay over the character's tab. Mother thinks about her son/daughter being the son/daughter of the Pope. Scheme and Abduct in Crusader Kings 3. Aug 18, 2018; Add bookmark #6CK2 Artifact IDs. Varainger's Crusader Kings 2 Mods. If you do not specify a character ID, the character you are playing as will execute the decision. Achievement – Steam Achievements. That was, until Daenys. You can use the console command: decadence [char id] [number] You can set his decadence to 100 and it should hopefully cause revolts to overthrow him in a decadence revolt, shattering his realm. If there are more cheat mods that I can include and that I get permission for to. Crusader Kings 2 Decision Command This command makes the specified character execute the decision with the specified ID. Level 1: the regent can try to embezzle money from the liege's coffers. A Merchant Republic is a realm that can engage in coastal trade. 8. Not the ones like "marry someone" but some like "Restore the Roman empire full border" can be quite challenging. Examples. Waiting for some small inconsequential rebellion to be declared in CK2, then blitzing the rebels holdings to win the war and take all their stuff without even a comment from their previous liege was silly. There are often multiple ways to script an event chain, but some are more efficient/simpler!Formable nations are special nations that do not exist in the 1936 or 1939 starting dates but can be formed either through a decision or through other means enacted by certain nations - provided they fulfill the needed requirements. Feb 13, 2011. Enabling debug mode will remove the ability to earn achievements. So, Iron Throne (IT) declares war and it fractures the realm--each Lord Paramount (e. Keep the list. Upon death with exclave independence set to harsh, Orvieto broke free. banish [Character ID] Exiles the specified person from your yard. the_status. Imagine you spent your entire time with literally no need to work, except there's almost no form of distraction available, no TV, no Radio, very few books (if you can read). Someone should really put all of the events and their IDs into the CK2 wiki so you can trigger what you want. Then find the character ids (it shows you if you hover on their portrait). To enable console commands in Crusader Kings 3, you’ll need to run the game in debug mode. Changes succession laws. Crusader Kings is a historical grand strategy / RPG game series for PC, Mac, Linux, PlayStation 5 & Xbox Series X|S developed & published by Paradox Development Studio. However, that's fairly smooth. The above example would make Poland (POL) and England (ENG) start a war with eachother. Independence (disambiguation) Independence is the cessation of a vassal-liege relationship. 9. 99. Then do 'kill ID' where you replace ID with the actual ID this will guarantee a natural death , 100%. 3: Timing. Last edited by markdb92 ; Jan 26, 2014 @ 3:39pm. tutorial. Report. Elder Kings. Muslim trade republics use the Walî Emir title instead of Grand Mayor, and Walî Malik instead of Doge. Moxa9. At least some were last verified for version 2. This mod combines some of the most interesting cheat mods all in 1 easy to use Character Interaction menu. Swap to the character you want independent, declare war for independence, imprison the defender, end war. Age of Wonders 4 Empire of Sin Cities: Skylines 2 Crusader Kings 3 Europa Universalis 4 Hearts of Iron 4 Hunter: The Reckoning Imperator: Rome Surviving the Aftermath Vampire: The Masquerade. 04d) - On hold ; Luxembourg’s War Against the World (SF 2. Old Building Names (Pre-1. Apr 9, 2014 @ 6:40pm When she takes power, just type Religion Catholic/ Orthodox or whatever #2. I did it a while ago and it has still worked for me through a few updates. There's a large variety of mods, everything from small tweaks to total. If you want to you must take over england and make it your title. It represents a justification for war that is recognized as legitimate by other rulers and religious leaders. r/CK2GameOfthrones. A Merchant Republic is a realm that can engage in coastal trade. Religion group [edit | edit source]. Crusader Kings III. In addition, you can modify the age of any character you choose. A weapon favoured by the Dornish and used for hunting and combat comprising a quality wooden shaft up to 10 feet long tipped with a relatively small head of steel. You can only grant independence outside of your primary title. To open Crusader Kings 3 in debug mode without Steam: Go to your CK3 installation folder. Event troops. Commands - Crusader Kings II Wiki Commands This article has been verified for the current version (3. Once you’re in that console menu, you’ll be able to put in all the CK2 console commands you want!Hey, I'm trying to get Jon to impregnate Dany for shits and giggles, but I can't get the console command right. Some random counties in Timurid controlled lands have become part of my empire, and I'd just rather let em go to clean up borders a bit. CK3 religion: Control your population through faith. Then enter one of the codes below to activate the corresponding effect. This is why normal players will always need a long list of all the traits, categorized by their distinct characteristics, to easily add and remove traits from their favorite character. This is recommended in several cases: The count is a faction member. The count is a de jure vassal of the duke. Ranks give you some as well (this part may be off a bit) Baron = 0 (can't play as) Count = 1 Duke =2 King = 3 Empire =4. Execute them and inherit their titles. The current prince is also the mayor of the grand city of Rostock, and a patrician. Adventurers negotiation - These are events concerning negotiation with adventurers. The realm factions screen ( F8) Factions are organized groups of vassals, united against their liege for a common purpose. A mod targets Jade Dragon features, especially the on-map Chinese polities that you get to. Alliances and non-aggression pacts are the two most common forms of pacts between rulers. You can declare war on them directly for independence, you just can't form an Independence faction if your ruler isn't independent. . TheChequyLion. If he refuses, imprison him via console and enforce demands. The wiki mentioned using the 2nd parameter for a character other than the player but I really have no idea what that would look like. Command Effect. CK3 Cheats; Discover_innovation Command; Crusader Kings 3 Discover_innovation Command. that makes it kinda hard to gather the military power (as a count against a liege with 3 duchies), but ok. ago. Plots are selected by right-clicking the target character or title. The Crusader Kings 2 update train is steaming along nicely, just last month it pulled in at backlog update, a small interim haulage stop which saw the cargo carriages loaded to the brim in antique. 8. i didnt mean council vote, i mean other law like woman status, obligation. Daddy Pikas still works if I recall correctly. Below is a seachable table of all 443 trait IDs from Crusader Kings II on Steam (PC / Mac). However it likely does NOT prevent the Revolt tag from triggering in a province prevent unhappy Vassals from declaring independence. 336 1. Those claims can be inherited. Activate the trainer options by checking boxes or setting values from 0 to 1. 3. updated Jan 10, 2018. Muslim trade republics use the Walî Emir title instead of Grand Mayor, and Walî Malik instead of Doge. To do this (in Steam): Right-click the game in your library. "clr_moved_capital" (No quotes) Do NOT put a player ID (This will/can crash your game). How to grant independence? I have some provinces I'd like to get rid of, but it's not possible because I'm too strong relative to my vassals, so they won't revolt. Jun 7, 2015. I am someone who likes opening up the console and giving provinces to nations based on their missions and one thing that annoys me is missions that require buildings. CT file in order to open it. Faces, clothing, hair, and even facial hair have been cleverly swapped around to create new combinations. mod" file to your /Documents/Paradox Interactive/Crusader Kings II/mod/ folder. Engage in courtly intrigue, dynastic struggles, and holy warfare in mediæval Europe, Africa, the Middle East, India, the steppes and Tibet. add_equipment. Sometimes the best way to stave off a rebellion is to be the nicest person you can be — make people like you, build alliances, and keep the land's engine running smoothly. CK2 Plus Mod [Submod] Historical and Fantastical Artifacts [British Isles Release] [b-v0. You'd either need to be a king or emperor with a serene republic as a vassal, but then again, it's not the same. The Basic Concept. Please read through the new rules for the forum that are an integral part of Paradox Interactive’s User. They are shown with a yellower background,. If the player cannot rule through respect, then they can rule through fear and manipulation. Claims come in two varieties, weak and strong. That will display a scrollable list of commands. This community wiki's goal is to be a repository of Crusader Kings III related knowledge, useful for both new and experienced players and for modders. Unfortunately he won. I just found out that Prince-Mayor of The Hansa is a titular title. Regarding the cheat, as edited in earlier, better try the event instead, so that it also clears code flags. 4 to 0. Install the latest compatible CK2 patch. According to CK2's wikia page: The console is opened by pressing § + Shift. Jerusalem ain't Christian and there is no antipope. Jul 11, 2013 @ 9:47am. A Game of Thrones is a mod for CKII based on the award-winning A Song of Ice and Fire series by George R. I'm pretty sure it's fairly restrictive though. Use the “cash” command to give yourself gold and hire mercenaries. This command discovers a specified innovation for the culture of the specified character. . 10-building-names for CK2) ; NoShortcutsInProvinceTooltip; No More Wikipedia Icon; CKII-UI-Font-Mod by Morinn CK2 Modlists: List of Mods /Guides/Utilities; Women focused modlist : here Deutsch CK2: German CK2 Sub-Forum "Do not worry to mete out vinegar here and there, but don't. MeadeIndeed. Commands: add_doctrine [doctrine id] [faith id] This cheat code will add doctrine id to faith id. 6) Destroy your title Empire of Scandinavia. 68 Badges. Old Building Names (Pre-1. 4) Start murdering your siblings. You might also like to use *, Shift, Alt + 2 1, or Alt + 0167 if you wish to open the cheat console. Golladan Field Marshal. This works a little differently to standard warfare in CK3. You would have to give the county title to somebody who isn't a vassal to somebody. Additionaly you can type "help" into the console (without quot. Activate the trainer options by checking boxes or setting values from 0 to 1. 2. ShadoWwolF Jan 26, 2014 @ 3:42pm. I’ve done it with several vassals- you just have to right click on them and find the “grant independence” option. A Plot is a scheme where multiple co-plotters cooperate toward a specific goal. You can't grant independence to someone who is the same religion and culture AND is a de jure vassal. You can find more about the game here: Kings 3 / Crusader Kings III Is the latest entry into the crusader. The CB for the war determines the prize for victory and. I'm looking for the console command that lets you change a province's culture, be it the county itself or the smaller districts within them. Post in it to add your new mods or updates. Ex: gfx_culture 192884. 5 gold takes awhile to build. marks). into the console, then pressing Enter. To check the war score, use the. CK3. 3) of the game. To be fair this game isn't about playing a character line, but a dynastic hierarch. Diplomatic actions are accessed by right-clicking a character 's portrait. Hey the ID for the prosperity event is TOG. Showing 1 - 8 of 8 comments. Hi everyone, I am still wondering whether or not a cheat exists to add a bloodline to a character, as certain starts after all prevent certain bloodlines. If you need someone deposed, befriend the most powerful. CK2+. I know you can't aside from surrendering in war but is there a way to change the game files. All requirements for offering vassalization are green for go. catmardoza Recruit. I currently have one kingdom title, but I can create/usurp the remaining titles soon (holding off until the last moment because I have Partition). Cheats are only ever an option when you need to get around a game-breaking bug. About this site. Commands in the below table include those from all DLCs, such as Hearts of Darkness. gfx_culture <char_id> <culture> = changes a characters gfx_culture, which decides how they look. They are shown with a yellower background,. Add than all up and you get your limit how ever ranks will determine how much you. Sep 4, 2006 12. . The difference between a strong and a weak claim can be determined by the graphics, and mousing over a claim will indicate whether it will currently be inherited. You may choose one of the bookmark start dates below, or select any custom start date between 1066 and 1337. If there are more cheat mods that I can include and that I get permission for to. I don’t remember which one works but I know it’s possible in Ironman without. The 'immortal' flag is attached to the trait itself, not the event. zip, unzip it and open the unzipped folder. After this, send the commands/cheat by typing them into the console and hitting the Enter button. Jerusalem ain't Christian and there is no antipope. Lord Finnish A man of science and culture. If I remember well you can cheat a bit the game by imprisoning your liege throught a plot, form a indipendence faction, deliver the ultimatum (not sure if you can do it if the faction is not strong enough), start the war and win it the first day. Although i can cheat techpoints and use allow laws but i dont want to cheat too much, so i want console for a. My neighbour, the Duke of Meissen, declared war on me over the possession of the County of Anhalt. Featuring a map that's 2/3 the size of the base game's, the mod. 20597. 3. To open the console while in the game, press the ` key, the ~ (tilde) key, or Shift-Alt-C. 5243 twice on the same character, in the same day and the spouse will get twins. into the console, then pressing Enter. No Crusades and no Holy Orders. 150%Discipline. The character is unplayable otherwise because is not landed. it is actually RIP. Here is a full list of all the console command cheats you can use in CK3: Console Command Cheat. Mother thinks about her son/daughter being the son/daughter of the Pope. Use SoA. Eine kleine Anleitung für die schwer zu findende, CK2 Cheat Console. Some plots may also be listed as "suggested plots" in the Intrigue screen. CK2 Artifact IDs. All Discussions. 10-building-names for CK2) ; NoShortcutsInProvinceTooltip; No More Wikipedia Icon; CKII-UI-Font-Mod by Morinn CK2 Modlists: List of Mods /Guides/Utilities; Women focused modlist : here Deutsch CK2: German CK2 Sub-Forum "Do not worry to mete out vinegar here and there, but don't. disable [gamestate/global/all (default: global)] - Disable the tutorial. Allow-laws usually worked for me, and then for council laws I used yesman, or whatever the command is in CK2, to get them to always pass. Up-to-date, detailed help for the Europa Universalis IV (EU4) command vassalize. And I might add that they have both been Orthodox and de-jure vassals. The Send Gift ability is a great way to keep grumpy vassals happy. add_dynasty_modifier. ) Tribal rulers can only hold tribes without penalty, but can easily build new tribes in conquered territory; they can also build temples. Can the number of people who cheat on their spouses be toned down quite a bit. comments sorted by Best Top New Controversial Q&A Add a. ` seems to be the most common option for opening the cheat console; § + Shift, Alt + 2 1, or Alt + 0167 may also work. Command Effect. So your only vassals are the Mayor of the city, and the Bishop of the cathedral while you retain the Baron slot at the castle. [deleted]Old Building Names (Pre-1. How to use Crusader Kings 3 cheats. Turns out the highest de jure title is Serene Republic of The Hansa. paradoxwikis. Crusader Kings is a historical grand strategy / RPG game series for PC, Mac, Linux, PlayStation 5 & Xbox Series X|S developed & published by Paradox Development Studio. I believe there's a fix in the comments of the mod on its workshop page where it tells you to delete a line from a text document, and that usually fixes it afterward. Imprison the pope. A subreddit dedicated to the Elder Kings mod for Crusader Kings 2 and Crusader Kings 3 Members Online I wanted my altmer dynasty to have a certain look so I made a trait that was using portrait modifiers to make certain physical features inheritable. Jump to latest Follow Reply. Crusader Kings 2 Game Cheat - Declare war and get Huge Ar…Learn Crusader Kings II in: Walkthroughs Cheats Edit Cheats are activated by typing the crusader kings console command. You can expand faster by creating duchies as this gives you ducal claims. Grant a (landless) duchy to the count, then grant independence to both the duchies. Adventurers negotiation - These are events concerning negotiation with adventurers. zip, unzip it and open the unzipped folder.